The samples were female students of Tabriz University and Tabriz University of Medical Science, who suffered from primary dysmenorrhea. This study was a double-blinded, cross-over study. The aim of this survey was to evaluate the efficacy of fennel extract/vitamin E compared with ibuprofen in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea, with due attention to the different mechanisms of vitamin E and fennel extract (vitamin E is an antioxidant, and anethole in the extract of fennel is anti-spasmodic). reported that vitamin E/mefenamic acid provided grater pain relief than mefenamic acid alone. Vitamin E relieves primary dysmenorrhea, and probably its antioxidant property can suppress the oxidation of arachidonic acid, decreasing the production of prostaglandin. Use of these products has no adverse effect of tranquilizers. It has been shown that anethole joins with dopamine receptors and decreases pain. Studies have shown this property with dopamine. Nowadays, vitamins play an important role in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. Anethole, the major fragrant in fennel seed, is similar in properties. The probably effect of fennel might be related to the anti-spasmodic property of this plant. The study that compared the effect of oral fennel effect and mefenamic acid on primary dysmenorrhea reported no significant difference between them. Both the seed and extract of this plant are appetizing, digestive, diuretic, increased health, menstrative, anti-spasmodic, lactigenic, and laxative. Fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare Mill) is an umbelliferous plant.
In Iran, folk herbal remedies can be used for healing of dysmenorrhea (such as fennel, chamomile, and marigold). On the other hand, the use of plants accompanied with synthetic drugs can help to treat the disease. Side effects are usually mild, and include nausea, dyspepsia, diarrhea, and occasionally fatigue. Prostaglandin synthase inhibitors, or NSAIDs (such as Ibuprofen), are effective for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea, but the medication may be contraindicated in patients with gastrointestinal ulcers or bronchospastic hypersensitivity to aspirin. The different options and nutrition methods used for treating primary dysmenorrhea include: psychotherapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), vitamins, and medicines such as prostaglandin inhibitors, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and contraception pills. In surveys conducted in Iran, the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea has been reported to be 71%-85.5%. Among those affected, 34% reported mild symptoms, 23% moderate, and 15% reported severe symptoms. In the United States, work absenteeism due to dysmenorrhea is estimated to be 600 million work hours per year, and the economic consequences are estimated at $2 billion per year, therefore, it is a public problem nowadays.Ī research in Sweden showed that more than 72% of 19-year-old women complained of primary dysmenorrhea. It is a common complaint of both adolescent and adult women. It is caused due to prostaglandin compounds that cause the contraction of myometrium, and occurs in 50%-75% of women.ĭysmenorrhea represents a significant personal and public health problem. Primary dysmenorrhea is not associated with recognizable pelvic pathology. The pain is similar to labor pain, with suprapubic cramping, and may be accompanied by lumbosacral backache, with pain radiating down the anterior thigh. The pain of primary dysmenorrhea usually begins a few hours before or just after the onset of menstrual period and may last 48-72 h.
Primary dysmenorrhea refers to menstrual pain without pelvic pathology. Based on the pathology, dysmenorrhea has been classified as primary and secondary. Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecologic disorder affecting as many as 60% of menstruating women.
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